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\u0921\u0949<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0921\u0949<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0938\u0941\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0911\u092b \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0938 (Web of Science) \u0921\u0948\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 1980 \u0938\u0947 2023 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 24,496 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 20,322 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092f\u0939 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f (roundworm<\/strong>) \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0947-\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 (transparent organism) \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 1900 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u094c\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0930\u0948\u092c\u0921\u093e\u092f\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\u0964 1955 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0921\u094b\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u0938 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0947\u092c\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> (\u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em>) \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 1 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u0909\u092d\u092f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0930\u0964 \u0909\u092d\u092f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u092e\u093e 959 \u0915\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0928\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1031 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 (life cycle) \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 – \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 3 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0902\u0939, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u0940 (pharynx), \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0928\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0928\u092a\u093e\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b 95 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 (nuclear migration) \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0923\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u094c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 – \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (cell fate map) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u0940. \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u0917\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0921\u094b\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 1940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e 1963 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0921\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 1974 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u0902\u091f\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935 \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 1980 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092d\u092f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 959 \u0915\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947-\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924: 1998 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 (genome sequencing) \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 1900 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u094c\u092a\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u0939\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0932, \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u091a\u0930 (pure culture) \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0938<\/strong> (<\/strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0938 (transgenesis) \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u090f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0940\u0928) \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935 (transgenic organism<\/strong>) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u090f \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 (\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902) \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 (biolistic transformation) \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0928\u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0939\u092e \u0935 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090a\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0930\u093e\u0936\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0917\u0948\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 (\u090f\u092a\u094b\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0938 – apoptosis) \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u091a\u0940\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u092e\u092f) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 (molecular mechanisms) \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 (\u090f\u092a\u094b\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0938) \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u092a\u094b\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e (2003)\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u0928<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u0926\u0947\u0928<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 (signal transduction) \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938 <\/em>(\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 (cancer biology) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u0939\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e, \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0938\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u092c\u0941\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0905\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 (lifespan) \u0915\u0930\u0940\u092c 14 \u0938\u0947 21 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 50 \u0938\u0947 100 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e (aging process) \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917-\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942-\u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0936\u094d\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0940. \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0940\u0925\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0938\u0940<\/em>. <\/em>\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938 <\/em>\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u091f\u0940\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u0940\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 (telomere) \u0938\u0942\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091d\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0940. \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938 <\/em>\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0932\u0940\u0964 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0948\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0940\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u092b\u0941\u0926\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0940. \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938 <\/em>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0940\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 (ALT) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0940. \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0940\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0920\u092a \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 ALT \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 ALT \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u00a0 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091f\u0940\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u091c\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0915 (aggressive cancer) \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u0939\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0940. \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/em> ALT \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0939\u092e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092b\u0940\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0938)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0928\u094b\u091f: \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u092a\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u0932\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964
Photo Credit : https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans.jpg
<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0921\u0949. \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930, \u0921\u0949. \u0938\u0941\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 (nobel prize) \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u092e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938 (Victor Ambros) \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u0935\u0915\u0941\u0928 (Gary Ruvkun) \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2024 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 … <\/p>\n

\u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 “\u0938\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0947\u092c\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938: \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-16"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0938\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0947\u092c\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938: \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935 - \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srotefeatures.in\/srote\/2026\/02\/\u0938\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0947\u092c\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938-\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hi_IN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0938\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0947\u092c\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938: \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935 - \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0921\u0949. \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0930, \u0921\u0949. \u0938\u0941\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u091c\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 (nobel prize) \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u092e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938 (Victor Ambros) \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u0935\u0915\u0941\u0928 (Gary Ruvkun) \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2024 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 … \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 "\u0938\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0947\u092c\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938: \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935"\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.srotefeatures.in\/srote\/2026\/02\/\u0938\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0947\u092c\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938-\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-02-18T03:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.srotefeatures.in\/srote\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Adult_Caenorhabditis_elegans-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"842\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092b\u0940\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0938\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092b\u0940\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0938\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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